Lesson 1: Foundations of Information Systems

Definition
Your computer is a programmable electronic device designed to agree to data, perform prescribed mathematical and reasonable operations at high speed, and display the results of these procedures, all under the control of software. Mainframes, desktop and laptops, tablets and smartphones are some of different types of computer systems. An electronic machine which assists with solving problems quickly and easily. It solves problems corresponding to instructions directed at it by the computer end user called programs or software. It is a digital machine(that uses binary digits) found in all field

Automation
Most humans have a problem with math. Showing this, try doing 584 x 3,220 in your head. It is hard to remember all the steps! People made tools to help them remember where they were in a math problem. The other problem folks have is that they have to do the same problem again and again and over again. A cashier had to make change every day in her brain or with a bit of paper. That required lots of time and made blunders. So, people made calculators that have those same things over and over. This part of computer history is called the "history of automatic calculation," which is a fancy phrase for "the history of machines which make it easy for me to do this same maths problem over and over without making flaws."The abacus, the slide rule, the astrolabe and the Antikythera device (which schedules from about 150-100 BC) are types of automated calculation machines.

Programming
People do not want a machine that would do the same thing again and again. For example, a music package is a machine that plays the same music again and again. Some people wished to be able to tell their machine to do different things. For instance, they wanted to inform the music pack that can be played different music every time. They wanted to be able to program the music pack- to order the music field to try out different music. This part of computer history is named the "history of programmable machines" which really is a fancy saying for "The annals of machines that I could order to do various things if I know how to speak their terms."One of the first types of this was built by Hero of Alexandria (c. 10-70 AD). He built a mechanised movie theater which performed a play sustained 10 minutes and was managed by a complex system of ropes and drums. These ropes and drums were the vocabulary of the machine- they advised what the device did and when. Some people argue that this is the first programmable machine.Historians disagree on which early on machines are "personal computers". Many say the "castle clock", an astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, is the first known programmable analog computer. The space of night and day could be altered every day to be able to account for the changing measures of day and night throughout the year. Some count up this daily adjustment as education.Others say the first computer was created by Charles Babbage. Ada Lovelace is known as to be the first programmer.

The Computing Era
At the end of the center Ages, people in Europe thought math and anatomist were more important. In 1623, Wilhelm Schickard made a mechanical calculator. Other Europeans made more calculators after him. They were not modern computers because they could only add, subtract, and increase- you could not change what they do to make them do something like play Tetris. As a result of this, we say they were not programmable. Now technicians use computers to design and plan.In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard used punched newspaper cards to tell his textile loom what kind of routine to weave. He might use punch cards to share the loom what to do, and he could change the punch cards, which means he could program the loom to weave the structure he wanted. This implies the loom was programmable.Charles Babbage wished to make a similar machine that may assess. He called it "The Analytical Engine".[8] Because Babbage did not have enough money and always changed his design when he previously a much better idea, he never built his Analytical Engine unit.As time continued, computer systems were used more. People get bored to death easily doing a similar thing again and again. Imagine spending your daily life writng down things on index cards, saving them, and then having to go see them again. The U.S. Census Bureau in 1890 got hundreds of individuals doing that. It had been expensive, and records took a long time. Then an engineer exercised how to make machines execute a lot of the task. Herman Hollerith developed a tabulating machine that could automatically accumulate information that the Census bureau gathered. The Processing Tabulating Recording Company (which later became IBM) made his machines. They leased the machines rather than selling them. Producers of machines possessed long helped their users understand and repair them, and CTR's technical support was especially good.Because of machines like this, new means of talking to these machines were developed, and new types of machines were developed, and eventually the computer as we know it was born.

Analog and Digital Computers
Inside the first 50 percent of the 20th hundred years, scientists started out using computers, mainly because scientists had a lot of math to figure out and wished to spend more of their own time thinking about science questions instead of spending hours adding numbers along. For example, if indeed they had to start a rocket dispatch, they needed to do a whole lot of math to be sure the rocket functioned right. So they put together pcs. These analog personal computers used analog circuits, which made them very difficult to program. Inside the 1930s, they developed digital computer systems, and soon made them better to program. Financial firms not the case as many consecutive attempts have been designed to bring arithmetic logic to l3.Analogue pcs are mechanical or gadgets which solve problems. some are used to regulate machines.